Mayo Clinic 34th Annual Internal Medicine Board Review 2025

Maria D. Mendoza de la Garza, M.D.

• Recall evidence-based fall prevention strategies and use this information to effectively manage patients
• Diagnose and manage patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia in the elderly
• Evaluate and manage urinary incontinence in the elderly
• Recognize high-risk medications in elderly patients and develop strategies for preventing medication related side effects
• Prevent and manage pressure injury in the elderly

Sindhuja Sominidi Damodaran, M.B.B.S., M.D.

• Diagnose and manage basal and squamous cell carcinoma
• Diagnose and develop initial management strategies for melanoma
• Identify the diagnosis and management of common primary care skin conditions, such as vitiligo, pityriasis rosea, rosacea, and scabies
• Recognize and manage acne vulgaris
• Recognize and treat psoriasis
• Recognize and treat drug eruptions

Gerald W. Volcheck, M.D.

• Recognize and treat anaphylaxis
• Diagnose and treat urticaria and angioedema
• Diagnose and treat allergic rhinosinusitis

Kalpana Muthusamy, M.B.B.S., M.D.

• Identify overweight and obese patients and identify their health risks
• Review medical and surgical management of obesity
• Recognize and manage dietary factors in hypertension
• Recognize nutrition deficiencies

Melissa H. Bogin, M.D.

• Evaluate and manage epistaxis
• Identify the presentation, evaluation, and management of glaucoma
• Diagnose and treat infectious pharyngitis
• Develop initial evaluation and management strategies for the acute red eye
• Diagnose and treat acute and chronic infectious sinusitis

Jason H. Szostek, M.D.

• Identify the screening strategies, diagnosis, and management of prostate cancer
• Describe an approach to diagnosing & treating benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
• Recall the evaluation, diagnosis, and initial management strategies for erectile dysfunction

Jill M. Huber, M.D.  

• Outline the principles of contraception and contraceptive counseling
• Review the management of common medical conditions in pregnancy
• Recall the evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding
• Outline the risks, benefits, and indications for hormone replacement therapy in women

Joel D. Beachey, M.D.  

• Apply lipid lowering treatment based on patient characteristics/risk utilizing AHA/ACC

guidelines

• Identify, diagnose, and manage hypertension based on consideration of medical

comorbidities

William B. Leasure, M.D.

• Review diagnosis and treatment of depression
• Recall the diagnosis and treatment of anxiety spectrum disorders
• Recognize the presentation and management of substance use disorder
• Diagnose and manage schizophrenia, including medication side effects
• Identify and treat bipolar disorder

Rafid Mustafa, M.D.

• Diagnose and manage basic seizure disorders
• Compare and contrast headache types and management strategies
• Evaluate for and treat etiologies of stroke
• Identify, diagnose, and manage radiculopathies and spinal stenosis
• Recognize the presentation of and select appropriate testing for patients with restless leg syndrome
• Diagnose and treat common peripheral neuropathies
• Diagnose and treat movement disorders including essential tremor and Parkinson’s

• Diagnose and select appropriate treatment for patients with myasthenia gravis

Pankaj Shah, M.D.

• Diagnose and manage Type 1 and gestational diabetes mellitus
• Diagnose and manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus
• Identify strategies to prevent or delay the onset of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Pankaj Shah, M.D.

• Diagnose and manage diabetic ketoacidosis
• Diagnose and manage diabetic hyperosmolar nonketotic state

• Diagnose and manage hypoglycemia in the diabetic patient

Kurt A. Kennel, M.D.  

• Use risk factors to diagnose and manage male and female osteoporosis
• Distinguish osteomalacia from osteoporosis by listing its distinct clinical features
• List key aspects of the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment decisions in Paget disease of the bone
• Recall the evaluation and management of primary hyperparathyroidism

• Employ a stepwise approach to evaluate and treat hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia

Kharisa N. Rachmasari, M.D.

• Evaluate and manage hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, including subclinical disease
• Diagnose and manage thyroid medical emergencies
• Evaluate and manage thyroid nodules
• Describe and manage the different types of thyroid cancer

Michael W. Cullen, M.D.  

• Discuss the diagnosis and evaluation of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction

and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction

• Manage acute and chronic heart failure with lifestyle, pharmacological, and device

Therapies

• Diagnose, classify, and manage common cardiomyopathies
• Recognize the presentation and select appropriate management for patients with

pericardial disease, including acute pericarditis, constrictive pericarditis, and cardiac

tamponade

Benjamin D. Nordhues, M.D.

• Determine appropriate method for evaluating for coronary artery disease based on pre-test probability of disease
• Evaluate and manage perioperative testing and medications in patients with known, or at risk for CVD
• Select appropriate management of an acute myocardial infarction, including management of NSTEMI
• Recognize Right Ventricular Infarction and select appropriate management strategies
• Select the appropriate timing of elective operations in patients after coronary stenting

Abhishek J. Deshmukh, M.B.B.S.

• Use the fundamentals of EKG to recognize common arrhythmias
• Design appropriate evaluation and management strategies for patients with atrial

fibrillation

• Recognize and manage common arrythmias (excluding a fib)
• Assess the risks and benefits of anti-coagulation therapies to design appropriate

management strategies

Jeffrey B. Geske, M.D.  

• Identify risk factors for and presentation of congenital valve abnormalities, and

choose appropriate management

• Outline risk factors for and recall the diagnosis and presentation of management

aortic stenosis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

• Recognize the pathophysiology and presentation of mitral stenosis, select

appropriate testing, and interpret the findings accurately

• Delineate risk factors for and recall the diagnosis and management of aortic

regurgitation, mitral regurgitation, and tricuspid regurgitation

Robert D. McBane II, M.D. 

• Identify the initial method for evaluating and managing peripheral vascular disease
• Describe the risk factors for, and the evaluation and management of aortic dissection
• Describe the risk factors for, and the evaluation and management of aortic aneurysm

Kara L. Dupuy-McCauley, M.D.

• Recall the differential diagnosis and management of pneumothorax
• Describe the classification schemes for asthma and use this information to effectively

diagnose and manage patients

• Recognize features of obstructive sleep apnea and select appropriate testing for

diagnosis

Recall the diagnosis and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Ashley M. Egan, M.D.  

• Use an algorithm to correctly interpret spirometry and direct management
• Recall diseases with a restrictive, obstructive, or mixed picture on spirometry
• Evaluate and interpret pleural fluid tests

Cassandra M. Braun, M.D.

• Identify and recall the different causes of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage
• Identify the cause and select treatment for interstitial lung disease
• Describe the causes, presentation, and basic treatment of pulmonary hypertension

Susan N. Kok, M.D.

• Identify appropriate breast cancer screening techniques for women
• Describe the diagnostic evaluation of findings worrisome for breast cancer
• Recall the adjuvant treatments indicated to reduce breast cancer recurrence
• Identify risk factors for cervical cancer and know appropriate screening and

management principles

• Identify the presentation of uterine cancer and review basic management principles
• Identify risk factors and know basic management principles of ovarian cancer

Konstantinos Leventakos, M.D.

• Evaluate and manage a solitary pulmonary nodule
• Identify the most common forms of lung cancer, their staging, and respective

treatments

• Integrate smoking cessation options into treatment plans
• Diagnose paraneoplastic syndromes associated with lung cancer
• Identify risk factors for lung cancer
• Recognize indications for lung cancer screening
• Recall the clinical presentation and diagnosis of lung cancer

Hao Xie, M.D., Ph.D.

• Stage and treat colon cancer (screening covered separately)
• Diagnose and stage pancreatic cancer
• Evaluate and diagnose esophageal cancer

• Diagnose and treat gastric cancer, including MALT lymphoma

Karthik Ravi, M.D.

• Recognize common clinical situations requiring endoscopic evaluation
• Recall the diagnosis, management, and complications of gastroesophageal reflux

disease

• Diagnose and manage candida esophagitis
• Diagnose and manage gastric polyps
• Diagnose and manage Helicobacter pylori infection
• Diagnose and manage peptic ulcer disease

William Sanchez, M.D.

• Interpret abnormal liver function tests to diagnose common patterns of liver injury
• Identify risk factors and appropriate screening intervals for hepatocellular carcinoma
• Diagnose and manage major complications of chronic liver disease (e.g. Ascites,

variceal bleeding and hepatocellular carcinoma)

• Diagnose and manage Hepatitis A, B and C infections
• Interpret ascites fluid chemistries
• Diagnose and manage common biliary disease

Seth R. Sweetser, M.D.

• Evaluate non-variceal GI bleeding
• Evaluate and manage acute and chronic diarrhea
• Diagnose and manage celiac disease
• Diagnose and manage bowel ischemia, including colon ischemia

Xiao Jing (Iris) Wang, M.D.

• Recall when to initiate colon cancer screening given patient and family history
• Identify the appropriate management and follow up of colon polyps
• Recognize the cause, diagnosis, and management of acute pancreatitis
• Select appropriate management options for the patient with inflammatory bowel disease

Matthew J. Thoendel, M.D., Ph.D.

• Review the indications for and management of infective endocarditis (IE) prophylaxis
• Review the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of infective endocarditis
• Diagnose and treat bacterial meningitis

• Identify the diagnosis and management of viral meningitis/encephalitis

Madiha Fida, M.B.B.S.

• Identify the diagnosis and management of community acquired pneumonia in the outpatient and inpatient setting
• Diagnose and treat hospital-acquired pneumonia
• Identify infectious control strategy for hospitalized patients

• Review indications for prophylactic antimicrobials in international travel

Mary J. Kasten, M.D.  

• Review appropriate screening, diagnosis, and initial management of HIV/AIDS
• Review prophylaxis and screening for opportunistic cancers and infections during HIV infection
• Diagnose and treat tuberculosis
• Identify the most common adverse reactions with tuberculosis treatment

Mac Chesdachai, M.D.  

• Identify the differences in treating non- severe, severe, and recurrent Clostridium difficile infection
• Screen for and treat localized and systemic STI
• Diagnosis and manage patients with urinary tract infections

Mac Chesdachai, M.D.

• Identify the indications for varicella-zoster testing, vaccination and treatment
• Select vaccines that can be safely given in pregnancy
• Prevent and treat measles
• Identify, diagnose, and manage toxoplasmosis
• Diagnose and manage complications of rheumatic fever
• Review evaluation and management of common tick-borne diseases
• Review evaluation and management of common fungal infections throughout the US

Hussam Tabaja, M.D. 

• Identify pathogen specific treatment of skin and soft tissue infections

• Identify, diagnose, and treat lower extremity cellulitis, and gas gangrene

• Discuss prophylactic antimicrobial therapy in patients with prosthetic joints

• Diagnose and treat osteomyelitis

• Diagnose and treat septic bursitis

Carrie A. Thompson, M.D.

• Summarize the evaluation of abnormal red blood cell counts
• Describe the evaluation of abnormal white blood cell count
• Identify and evaluate pancytopenia
• Review the evaluation of elevated platelet counts
• Recall the diagnosis and treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP)

Carrie A. Thompson, M.D.

• Recall the evaluation and initial management of chronic lymphoproliferative disorders
• Describe the differences between HL and NHL with respect to diagnosis and treatment
• Diagnose and treat acute lymphocytic leukemia

Mustaqeem A. Siddiqui, M.D., M.B.A.

• Recall the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of amyloidosis
• Recognize the presentation of and select management strategies for patients with Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia
• Compare and contrast monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), smoldering myeloma and multiple myeloma according to presentation, evaluation, and management

Mithun V. Shah, M.D.

• Recall the presentation, diagnosis, and management of myelodysplastic neoplasms
• Identify the presentation, diagnosis, and management of myeloproliferative neoplasms
• Diagnose and treat acute myeloid leukemia
• Diagnose and manage acute blast crisis

Meera Sridharan, M.D., Ph.D.

• Recall the diagnosis and management of congenital and acquired bleeding disorders
• Identify and manage coagulation factor deficiencies and dysfunction
• Evaluate and manage thrombocytopenia
• Recall the evaluation and management of superficial and deep venous thrombosis
• Diagnose and manage pulmonary embolism
• Diagnose and manage heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT)

Ladan Zand, M.D.

• Recall the diagnosis and management of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH)
• Identify, evaluate, and manage hypo- and hypernatremia
• List appropriate treatment strategies for hypo- and hyperkalemia
• Apply an algorithm to diagnose acid-base disorders

Michael A. Mao, M.D.

• Describe the diagnosis and evaluation of acute renal injury
• Define indications for acute dialysis
• Manage pre and post renal injury
• Diagnose and manage nephrolithiasis
• Diagnose and manage acute tubular necrosis

Michael A. Mao, M.D.

• Identify indications for renal biopsy
• Diagnose and manage acute interstitial nephritis
• Describe the diagnosis, evaluation, and management of glomerular disorders
• Prevent, recognize, and manage contrast-induced nephropathy

Virginia (Ginny) A. Dines, M.D.

• Identify risk factors and recognize the presentation of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis
• Identify causes of chronic kidney disease and strategies to prevent progression of chronic kidney disease
• Manage calcium-phosphorous homeostasis, anemia & other issues in chronic kidney disease